intro to periodic table

An atom is the smallest amount of an element.

An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, which from the nucleus (thus also called nucleons). The nucleus is surrounded by electrons.

The force that holds electrons around a nucleus is called an electrostatic force. Electrostatic attraction exists between unlike charges; electrostatic repulsion exists between like charges.

The atomic number is the number of protons.

The mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons.

Figure: In notation, the mass number is above the atomic number, for example ${}_6^{13}\mathrm{C}$.
So the mass number is up, the atomic number is down.

An element is a unit in the periodic table with a unique number of protons.

A molecule is two or more atoms bonded.

A compound is two more atoms of different elements bonded.

A diatomic molecule is two or more molecules covalently bonded.

Hydrogen bonding is a subset of dipole-dipole attraction, specifically between H and F/O/N.

An ion is an atom with a charge.

An isotope is a variant of an element with an unique number of neutrons.

In the periodic table there are 7 periods and 18 groups.

A good webpage is https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ptable where you look at the table.

Figure: Table.

The periodic trend stuff are in another page.

So there is some correlation with electron subshells.

Elements can be organized into blocks, which is the type of subshell that the last electron occupies. The number of electrons the subshells can hold, 2, 6, and 10 correspond to the width of the block.

Figure: Blocks of the periodic table. Groups 1-2 are s block, Groups 13-18 are p block except for helium.

The number of valence electrons of an atom is the number of electrons in the outermost shell. These valence electron the atom can use for bonding.

Umm speaking of valence electrons, elements in group 18 have 8, in group 17 have 7,

Which brings us to the octet rule, saying that atoms want to have 8 valence electrons.

The most electronegative elements are F, O, N, Cl.

A Bohr diagram is a diagram that shows the electron shell configuration of an atom with the nucleus represented and the electrons and electron orbitals shown.

The first ionization energy of an atom is the amount of energy needed to remove the first valence electron from the atom.

Figure: Yes big table here.

AtomicNumber	Symbol	Name	AtomicMass	ElectronConfiguration	Electronegativity	AtomicRadius	IonizationEnergy	ElectronAffinity	OxidationStates	StandardState	MeltingPoint	BoilingPoint	Density	GroupBlock	YearDiscovered
1	H	Hydrogen	1.0080	1s1	2.2	120	13.598	0.754	+1, -1	Gas	13.81	20.28	0.00008988	Nonmetal	1766
2	He	Helium	4.00260	1s2		140	24.587		0	Gas	0.95	4.22	0.0001785	Noble gas	1868
3	Li	Lithium	7.0	[He]2s1	0.98	182	5.392	0.618	+1	Solid	453.65	1615	0.534	Alkali metal	1817
4	Be	Beryllium	9.012183	[He]2s2	1.57	153	9.323		+2	Solid	1560	2744	1.85	Alkaline earth metal	1798
5	B	Boron	10.81	[He]2s2 2p1	2.04	192	8.298	0.277	+3	Solid	2348	4273	2.37	Metalloid	1808
6	C	Carbon	12.011	[He]2s2 2p2	2.55	170	11.260	1.263	+4, +2, -4	Solid	3823	4098	2.2670	Nonmetal	Ancient
7	N	Nitrogen	14.007	[He] 2s2 2p3	3.04	155	14.534		+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3	Gas	63.15	77.36	0.0012506	Nonmetal	1772
8	O	Oxygen	15.999	[He]2s2 2p4	3.44	152	13.618	1.461	-2	Gas	54.36	90.2	0.001429	Nonmetal	1774
9	F	Fluorine	18.99840316	[He]2s2 2p5	3.98	135	17.423	3.339	-1	Gas	53.53	85.03	0.001696	Halogen	1670
10	Ne	Neon	20.180	[He]2s2 2p6		154	21.565		0	Gas	24.56	27.07	0.0008999	Noble gas	1898
11	Na	Sodium	22.9897693	[Ne]3s1	0.93	227	5.139	0.548	+1	Solid	370.95	1156	0.97	Alkali metal	1807
12	Mg	Magnesium	24.305	[Ne]3s2	1.31	173	7.646		+2	Solid	923	1363	1.74	Alkaline earth metal	1808
13	Al	Aluminum	26.981538	[Ne]3s2 3p1	1.61	184	5.986	0.441	+3	Solid	933.437	2792	2.70	Post-transition metal	Ancient
14	Si	Silicon	28.085	[Ne]3s2 3p2	1.9	210	8.152	1.385	+4, +2, -4	Solid	1687	3538	2.3296	Metalloid	1854
15	P	Phosphorus	30.97376200	[Ne]3s2 3p3	2.19	180	10.487	0.746	+5, +3, -3	Solid	317.3	553.65	1.82	Nonmetal	1669
16	S	Sulfur	32.07	[Ne]3s2 3p4	2.58	180	10.360	2.077	+6, +4, -2	Solid	388.36	717.75	2.067	Nonmetal	Ancient
17	Cl	Chlorine	35.45	[Ne]3s2 3p5	3.16	175	12.968	3.617	+7, +5, +1, -1	Gas	171.65	239.11	0.003214	Halogen	1774
18	Ar	Argon	39.9	[Ne]3s2 3p6		188	15.760		0	Gas	83.8	87.3	0.0017837	Noble gas	1894
19	K	Potassium	39.0983	[Ar]4s1	0.82	275	4.341	0.501	+1	Solid	336.53	1032	0.89	Alkali metal	1807
20	Ca	Calcium	40.08	[Ar]4s2	1	231	6.113		+2	Solid	1115	1757	1.54	Alkaline earth metal	Ancient
21	Sc	Scandium	44.95591	[Ar]4s2 3d1	1.36	211	6.561	0.188	+3	Solid	1814	3109	2.99	Transition metal	1879
22	Ti	Titanium	47.867	[Ar]4s2 3d2	1.54	187	6.828	0.079	+4, +3, +2	Solid	1941	3560	4.5	Transition metal	1791
23	V	Vanadium	50.9415	[Ar]4s2 3d3	1.63	179	6.746	0.525	+5, +4, +3, +2	Solid	2183	3680	6.0	Transition metal	1801
24	Cr	Chromium	51.996	[Ar]3d5 4s1	1.66	189	6.767	0.666	+6, +3, +2	Solid	2180	2944	7.15	Transition metal	1797
25	Mn	Manganese	54.93804	[Ar]4s2 3d5	1.55	197	7.434		+7, +4, +3, +2	Solid	1519	2334	7.3	Transition metal	1774
26	Fe	Iron	55.84	[Ar]4s2 3d6	1.83	194	7.902	0.163	+3, +2	Solid	1811	3134	7.874	Transition metal	Ancient
27	Co	Cobalt	58.93319	[Ar]4s2 3d7	1.88	192	7.881	0.661	+3, +2	Solid	1768	3200	8.86	Transition metal	1735
28	Ni	Nickel	58.693	[Ar]4s2 3d8	1.91	163	7.640	1.156	+3, +2	Solid	1728	3186	8.912	Transition metal	1751
29	Cu	Copper	63.55	[Ar]4s1 3d10	1.9	140	7.726	1.228	+2, +1	Solid	1357.77	2835	8.933	Transition metal	Ancient
30	Zn	Zinc	65.4	[Ar]4s2 3d10	1.65	139	9.394		+2	Solid	692.68	1180	7.134	Transition metal	1746
31	Ga	Gallium	69.723	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1	1.81	187	5.999	0.3	+3	Solid	302.91	2477	5.91	Post-transition metal	1875
32	Ge	Germanium	72.63	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2	2.01	211	7.900	1.35	+4, +2	Solid	1211.4	3106	5.323	Metalloid	1886
33	As	Arsenic	74.92159	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p3	2.18	185	9.815	0.81	+5, +3, -3	Solid	1090	887	5.776	Metalloid	Ancient
34	Se	Selenium	78.97	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p4	2.55	190	9.752	2.021	+6, +4, -2	Solid	493.65	958	4.809	Nonmetal	1817
35	Br	Bromine	79.90	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5	2.96	183	11.814	3.365	+5, +1, -1	Liquid	265.95	331.95	3.11	Halogen	1826
36	Kr	Krypton	83.80	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p6	3	202	14.000		0	Gas	115.79	119.93	0.003733	Noble gas	1898
37	Rb	Rubidium	85.468	[Kr]5s1	0.82	303	4.177	0.468	+1	Solid	312.46	961	1.53	Alkali metal	1861
38	Sr	Strontium	87.62	[Kr]5s2	0.95	249	5.695		+2	Solid	1050	1655	2.64	Alkaline earth metal	1790
39	Y	Yttrium	88.90584	[Kr]5s2 4d1	1.22	219	6.217	0.307	+3	Solid	1795	3618	4.47	Transition metal	1794
40	Zr	Zirconium	91.22	[Kr]5s2 4d2	1.33	186	6.634	0.426	+4	Solid	2128	4682	6.52	Transition metal	1789
41	Nb	Niobium	92.90637	[Kr]5s1 4d4	1.6	207	6.759	0.893	+5, +3	Solid	2750	5017	8.57	Transition metal	1801
42	Mo	Molybdenum	95.95	[Kr]5s1 4d5	2.16	209	7.092	0.746	+6	Solid	2896	4912	10.2	Transition metal	1778
43	Tc	Technetium	96.90636	[Kr]5s2 4d5	1.9	209	7.28	0.55	+7, +6, +4	Solid	2430	4538	11	Transition metal	1937
44	Ru	Ruthenium	101.1	[Kr]5s1 4d7	2.2	207	7.361	1.05	+3	Solid	2607	4423	12.1	Transition metal	1827
45	Rh	Rhodium	102.9055	[Kr]5s1 4d8	2.28	195	7.459	1.137	+3	Solid	2237	3968	12.4	Transition metal	1803
46	Pd	Palladium	106.42	[Kr]4d10	2.2	202	8.337	0.557	+3, +2	Solid	1828.05	3236	12.0	Transition metal	1803
47	Ag	Silver	107.868	[Kr]5s1 4d10	1.93	172	7.576	1.302	+1	Solid	1234.93	2435	10.501	Transition metal	Ancient
48	Cd	Cadmium	112.41	[Kr]5s2 4d10	1.69	158	8.994		+2	Solid	594.22	1040	8.69	Transition metal	1817
49	In	Indium	114.818	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p1	1.78	193	5.786	0.3	+3	Solid	429.75	2345	7.31	Post-transition metal	1863
50	Sn	Tin	118.71	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p2	1.96	217	7.344	1.2	+4, +2	Solid	505.08	2875	7.287	Post-transition metal	Ancient
51	Sb	Antimony	121.760	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p3	2.05	206	8.64	1.07	+5, +3, -3	Solid	903.78	1860	6.685	Metalloid	Ancient
52	Te	Tellurium	127.6	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p4	2.1	206	9.010	1.971	+6, +4, -2	Solid	722.66	1261	6.232	Metalloid	1782
53	I	Iodine	126.9045	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5	2.66	198	10.451	3.059	+7, +5, +1, -1	Solid	386.85	457.55	4.93	Halogen	1811
54	Xe	Xenon	131.29	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p6	2.6	216	12.130		0	Gas	161.36	165.03	0.005887	Noble gas	1898
55	Cs	Cesium	132.9054520	[Xe]6s1	0.79	343	3.894	0.472	+1	Solid	301.59	944	1.93	Alkali metal	1860
56	Ba	Barium	137.33	[Xe]6s2	0.89	268	5.212		+2	Solid	1000	2170	3.62	Alkaline earth metal	1808
57	La	Lanthanum	138.9055	[Xe]6s2 5d1	1.1	240	5.577	0.5	+3	Solid	1191	3737	6.15	Lanthanide	1839
58	Ce	Cerium	140.116	[Xe]6s2 4f1 5d1	1.12	235	5.539	0.5	+4, +3	Solid	1071	3697	6.770	Lanthanide	1803
59	Pr	Praseodymium	140.90766	[Xe]6s2 4f3	1.13	239	5.464		+3	Solid	1204	3793	6.77	Lanthanide	1885
60	Nd	Neodymium	144.24	[Xe]6s2 4f4	1.14	229	5.525		+3	Solid	1294	3347	7.01	Lanthanide	1885
61	Pm	Promethium	144.91276	[Xe]6s2 4f5		236	5.55		+3	Solid	1315	3273	7.26	Lanthanide	1945
62	Sm	Samarium	150.4	[Xe]6s2 4f6	1.17	229	5.644		+3, +2	Solid	1347	2067	7.52	Lanthanide	1879
63	Eu	Europium	151.964	[Xe]6s2 4f7		233	5.670		+3, +2	Solid	1095	1802	5.24	Lanthanide	1901
64	Gd	Gadolinium	157.25	[Xe]6s2 4f7 5d1	1.2	237	6.150		+3	Solid	1586	3546	7.90	Lanthanide	1880
65	Tb	Terbium	158.92535	[Xe]6s2 4f9		221	5.864		+3	Solid	1629	3503	8.23	Lanthanide	1843
66	Dy	Dysprosium	162.500	[Xe]6s2 4f10	1.22	229	5.939		+3	Solid	1685	2840	8.55	Lanthanide	1886
67	Ho	Holmium	164.93033	[Xe]6s2 4f11	1.23	216	6.022		+3	Solid	1747	2973	8.80	Lanthanide	1878
68	Er	Erbium	167.26	[Xe]6s2 4f12	1.24	235	6.108		+3	Solid	1802	3141	9.07	Lanthanide	1843
69	Tm	Thulium	168.93422	[Xe]6s2 4f13	1.25	227	6.184		+3	Solid	1818	2223	9.32	Lanthanide	1879
70	Yb	Ytterbium	173.05	[Xe]6s2 4f14		242	6.254		+3, +2	Solid	1092	1469	6.90	Lanthanide	1878
71	Lu	Lutetium	174.9667	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d1	1.27	221	5.426		+3	Solid	1936	3675	9.84	Lanthanide	1907
72	Hf	Hafnium	178.49	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d2	1.3	212	6.825		+4	Solid	2506	4876	13.3	Transition metal	1923
73	Ta	Tantalum	180.9479	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d3	1.5	217	7.89	0.322	+5	Solid	3290	5731	16.4	Transition metal	1802
74	W	Tungsten	183.84	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d4	2.36	210	7.98	0.815	+6	Solid	3695	5828	19.3	Transition metal	1783
75	Re	Rhenium	186.207	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d5	1.9	217	7.88	0.15	+7, +6, +4	Solid	3459	5869	20.8	Transition metal	1925
76	Os	Osmium	190.2	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d6	2.2	216	8.7	1.1	+4, +3	Solid	3306	5285	22.57	Transition metal	1803
77	Ir	Iridium	192.22	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d7	2.2	202	9.1	1.565	+4, +3	Solid	2719	4701	22.42	Transition metal	1803
78	Pt	Platinum	195.08	[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d9	2.28	209	9	2.128	+4, +2	Solid	2041.55	4098	21.46	Transition metal	1735
79	Au	Gold	196.96657	[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d10	2.54	166	9.226	2.309	+3, +1	Solid	1337.33	3129	19.282	Transition metal	Ancient
80	Hg	Mercury	200.59	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10	2	209	10.438		+2, +1	Liquid	234.32	629.88	13.5336	Transition metal	Ancient
81	Tl	Thallium	204.383	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1	1.62	196	6.108	0.2	+3, +1	Solid	577	1746	11.8	Post-transition metal	1861
82	Pb	Lead	207	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2	2.33	202	7.417	0.36	+4, +2	Solid	600.61	2022	11.342	Post-transition metal	Ancient
83	Bi	Bismuth	208.98040	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3	2.02	207	7.289	0.946	+5, +3	Solid	544.55	1837	9.807	Post-transition metal	1753
84	Po	Polonium	208.98243	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4	2	197	8.417	1.9	+4, +2	Solid	527	1235	9.32	Metalloid	1898
85	At	Astatine	209.98715	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5	2.2	202	9.5	2.8	7, 5, 3, 1, -1	Solid	575		7	Halogen	1940
86	Rn	Radon	222.01758	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6		220	10.745		0	Gas	202	211.45	0.00973	Noble gas	1900
87	Fr	Francium	223.01973	[Rn]7s1	0.7	348	3.9	0.47	+1	Solid	300			Alkali metal	1939
88	Ra	Radium	226.02541	[Rn]7s2	0.9	283	5.279		+2	Solid	973	1413	5	Alkaline earth metal	1898
89	Ac	Actinium	227.02775	[Rn]7s2 6d1	1.1	260	5.17		+3	Solid	1324	3471	10.07	Actinide	1899
90	Th	Thorium	232.038	[Rn]7s2 6d2	1.3	237	6.08		+4	Solid	2023	5061	11.72	Actinide	1828
91	Pa	Protactinium	231.03588	[Rn]7s2 5f2 6d1	1.5	243	5.89		+5, +4	Solid	1845		15.37	Actinide	1913
92	U	Uranium	238.0289	[Rn]7s2 5f3 6d1	1.38	240	6.194		+6, +5, +4, +3	Solid	1408	4404	18.95	Actinide	1789
93	Np	Neptunium	237.048172	[Rn]7s2 5f4 6d1	1.36	221	6.266		+6, +5, +4, +3	Solid	917	4175	20.25	Actinide	1940
94	Pu	Plutonium	244.06420	[Rn]7s2 5f6	1.28	243	6.06		+6, +5, +4, +3	Solid	913	3501	19.84	Actinide	1940
95	Am	Americium	243.061380	[Rn]7s2 5f7	1.3	244	5.993		+6, +5, +4, +3	Solid	1449	2284	13.69	Actinide	1944
96	Cm	Curium	247.07035	[Rn]7s2 5f7 6d1	1.3	245	6.02		+3	Solid	1618	3400	13.51	Actinide	1944
97	Bk	Berkelium	247.07031	[Rn]7s2 5f9	1.3	244	6.23		+4, +3	Solid	1323		14	Actinide	1949
98	Cf	Californium	251.07959	[Rn]7s2 5f10	1.3	245	6.30		+3	Solid	1173			Actinide	1950
99	Es	Einsteinium	252.0830	[Rn]7s2 5f11	1.3	245	6.42		+3	Solid	1133			Actinide	1952
100	Fm	Fermium	257.09511	[Rn] 5f12 7s2	1.3		6.50		+3	Solid	1800			Actinide	1952
101	Md	Mendelevium	258.09843	[Rn]7s2 5f13	1.3		6.58		+3, +2	Solid	1100			Actinide	1955
102	No	Nobelium	259.10100	[Rn]7s2 5f14	1.3		6.65		+3, +2	Solid	1100			Actinide	1957
103	Lr	Lawrencium	266.120	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d1	1.3				+3	Solid	1900			Actinide	1961
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	267.122	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d2					+4	Solid				Transition metal	1964
105	Db	Dubnium	268.126	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d3					5, 4, 3	Solid				Transition metal	1967
106	Sg	Seaborgium	269.128	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d4					6, 5, 4, 3, 0	Solid				Transition metal	1974
107	Bh	Bohrium	270.133	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d5					7, 5, 4, 3	Solid				Transition metal	1976
108	Hs	Hassium	269.1336	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d6					8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2	Solid				Transition metal	1984
109	Mt	Meitnerium	277.154	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d7 (calculated)					9, 8, 6, 4, 3, 1	Solid				Transition metal	1982
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	282.166	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d8 (predicted)					8, 6, 4, 2, 0	Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1994
111	Rg	Roentgenium	282.169	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d9 (predicted)					5, 3, 1, -1	Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1994
112	Cn	Copernicium	286.179	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					2, 1, 0	Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1996
113	Nh	Nihonium	286.182	[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 (predicted)						Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2004
114	Fl	Flerovium	290.192	[Rn]7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					6, 4,2, 1, 0	Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	1998
115	Mc	Moscovium	290.196	[Rn]7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					3, 1	Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2003
116	Lv	Livermorium	293.205	[Rn]7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					+4, +2, -2	Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2000
117	Ts	Tennessine	294.211	[Rn]7s2 7p5 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					+5, +3, +1, -1	Expected to be a Solid				Halogen	2010
118	Og	Oganesson	295.216	[Rn]7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10 (predicted)					+6, +4, +2, +1, 0, -1	Expected to be a Gas				Noble gas	2006